Evidence library

Deep, sourced guides on food, animals and the planet

Long-form explainers built from peer-reviewed research, UN datasets and government dietary guidance — plus practical how-tos you can use the same day. Every number is attributed, every claim is checkable.

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Turn evidence into a week of meals

The 7-day starter plan translates everything above into a shopping list and simple recipes.

About this library

How the evidence library is built and how to read it

Each guide summarises a body of research on one question, states the strength of the evidence honestly, and links to the primary sources. It is written to be checkable rather than persuasive.

What counts as evidence here

Guides prioritise systematic reviews, meta-analyses and large prospective cohorts. Where only observational data exist — which is often the case in nutrition, since randomising decades of diet is impossible — that limitation is stated in the text rather than buried. Mechanistic and animal-model studies are used to explain plausibility, never as standalone proof of a human outcome.

Strength of evidence, plainly labelled

Claims fall into three tiers. Strong: consistent findings across multiple large cohorts and meta-analyses, with plausible mechanism — for example that plant-based dietary patterns lower LDL cholesterol. Moderate: consistent direction with residual confounding or smaller samples, such as effects on type 2 diabetes incidence. Emerging: promising but immature, such as much of the gut-microbiome and mood literature. Presenting all three at the same confidence is the most common failure in popular nutrition writing.

Confounding, and why it cuts both ways

People who eat plant-based diets in Western cohorts also smoke less, drink less and exercise more, which inflates apparent benefit. Good studies adjust for these, but adjustment is imperfect. The same problem also works in reverse: 'healthy user' effects can mask real benefits in populations where plant-based eating tracks with poverty rather than affluence, which is why cohorts outside high-income countries matter.

How to challenge a guide

Every claim carries its source. If a guide misreads a paper, overstates a finding or omits a significant contrary result, that is a correctable error and worth reporting. The measure of a library like this is not that it never gets things wrong but that its errors are traceable and fixed.

Evidence tiers used across the library

TierCriteriaExample claim
StrongMeta-analyses + consistent cohorts + mechanismPlant-based diets lower LDL cholesterol
StrongLarge-scale LCA consensusBeef has the highest footprint per kg of protein
ModerateConsistent cohorts, residual confoundingLower type 2 diabetes incidence
ModerateGood data, contested attributionLivestock's share of global emissions (~12–20%)
EmergingSmall or short-term studiesDiet effects on depression and anxiety
ContestedGenuine scientific disagreementSoil carbon offsets in managed grazing

Reading a guide critically

  1. 1

    Check the tier before the claim

    A moderate-tier finding stated confidently in conversation is how good evidence gets a bad name.

  2. 2

    Open one primary source

    Read the abstract and the limitations section. Ten minutes there beats an hour of secondary commentary.

  3. 3

    Look for the effect size

    A statistically significant 3% relative risk change is real and usually unimportant. Magnitude decides relevance.

  4. 4

    Note what the guide says it does not know

    The uncertainty sections are the most informative part of any honest summary.

Standards this library holds itself to

Commitments

  • Every quantitative claim carries a citation and a year.
  • Evidence strength is labelled, not implied.
  • Contrary findings are included where they are methodologically sound.
  • Corrections are made and visible rather than quietly edited away.

What you won't find

  • Single-study headlines presented as settled science.
  • Health claims that promise cure or prevention of specific disease.
  • Numbers repeated from infographics without a traceable origin.
  • Silent deletion of claims that turned out to be wrong.

Library questions

Who writes the guides?

They are compiled from published literature and public datasets, with sources listed on each guide so any claim can be traced independently of who wrote it.

Is this medical advice?

No. It is a summary of research. Decisions about pregnancy, chronic illness, medication or feeding infants belong with a qualified clinician.

Why include contested topics at all?

Because omitting them would misrepresent the state of the evidence. Grazing and soil carbon, for example, is genuinely unresolved and is presented that way.

How current are the guides?

They are reviewed periodically against new meta-analyses and updated datasets; each guide carries the sources it relies on so you can check whether something newer has appeared.

Can I reuse the content?

Yes, under the site's Creative Commons licence, with attribution and a link. Sources should be cited to their original publishers rather than to this site.