Ingredient encyclopedia

Every plant on your plate, explained

44+ whole plant foods with nutrition per 100 g, culinary uses, classic pairings and one-to-one swaps for animal ingredients — a working reference for cooking, meal planning and label reading.

Lentils

Legumes

aka dal, masoor, puy

Fast-cooking pulse packed with plant protein, iron and folate. Green, brown, red and black varieties suit soups, curries and salads.

Calories
116
Protein
9g
Fat
0.4g
Carbs
20g
Fibre
7.9g

Chickpeas

Legumes

aka garbanzo, chana

Nutty, versatile bean underlying hummus, falafel, chana masala and countless one-pot stews across the Mediterranean, Middle East and South Asia.

Calories
164
Protein
8.9g
Fat
2.6g
Carbs
27g
Fibre
7.6g

Meaty, mineral-rich beans central to Latin American cuisine — from Cuban rice-and-beans to Brazilian feijoada.

Calories
132
Protein
8.9g
Fat
0.5g
Carbs
24g
Fibre
8.7g

aka rajma

Robust, deep-red bean that holds its shape in chili, rajma and three-bean salads.

Calories
127
Protein
8.7g
Fat
0.5g
Carbs
23g
Fibre
6.4g

aka cannellini, navy, great northern

Creamy neutral bean that blends into velvety soups, dips and pasta sauces.

Calories
139
Protein
9.7g
Fat
0.4g
Carbs
25g
Fibre
6.3g

Edamame

Legumes

Young green soybeans — one of the few complete plant proteins, delicious steamed with sea salt.

Calories
122
Protein
11g
Fat
5g
Carbs
10g
Fibre
5g

Oats

Grains

Beta-glucan-rich grain shown to lower LDL cholesterol; works for porridge, granola, baking and savoury pilafs.

Calories
389
Protein
17g
Fat
7g
Carbs
66g
Fibre
10.6g

Quinoa

Grains

Ancient South American pseudo-grain with a complete amino acid profile and a light, nutty flavour.

Calories
120
Protein
4.4g
Fat
1.9g
Carbs
21g
Fibre
2.8g

Whole-grain rice keeping bran and germ intact — nuttier, chewier and higher-fibre than white rice.

Calories
111
Protein
2.6g
Fat
0.9g
Carbs
23g
Fibre
1.8g

Buckwheat

Grains

aka kasha, soba

Gluten-free pseudo-grain with earthy flavour, popular from Russian kasha to Japanese soba noodles.

Calories
92
Protein
3.4g
Fat
0.6g
Carbs
20g
Fibre
2.7g

Millet

Grains

Drought-tolerant grain foundational to West African, Indian and Chinese cuisine — mild, fluffy, gluten-free.

Calories
119
Protein
3.5g
Fat
1g
Carbs
24g
Fibre
1.3g

Barley

Grains

Chewy, beta-glucan-rich grain used in soups, stews and grain salads.

Calories
123
Protein
2.3g
Fat
0.4g
Carbs
28g
Fibre
3.8g

Almonds

Nuts & seeds

Fibre-rich tree nut — the most vitamin-E-dense whole food.

Calories
579
Protein
21g
Fat
50g
Carbs
22g
Fibre
12.5g

Walnuts

Nuts & seeds

Only nut with a meaningful dose of plant omega-3 (ALA).

Calories
654
Protein
15g
Fat
65g
Carbs
14g
Fibre
6.7g

Cashews

Nuts & seeds

Creamy nut that soaks and blends into dairy-free cheeses, cream sauces and desserts.

Calories
553
Protein
18g
Fat
44g
Carbs
30g
Fibre
3.3g

Chia seeds

Nuts & seeds

Tiny seed that absorbs ~10× its weight in liquid — nature's egg replacer and pudding thickener.

Calories
486
Protein
17g
Fat
31g
Carbs
42g
Fibre
34g

Flaxseed

Nuts & seeds

aka linseed

Grind before eating — ground flax delivers lignans and ALA omega-3.

Calories
534
Protein
18g
Fat
42g
Carbs
29g
Fibre
27g

Hemp seeds

Nuts & seeds

Soft, nutty seed with a 3:1 omega-6:omega-3 ratio and complete protein.

Calories
553
Protein
32g
Fat
49g
Carbs
9g
Fibre
4g

Pumpkin seeds

Nuts & seeds

aka pepitas

Iron- and zinc-dense green seed — one of the best plant sources of zinc.

Calories
559
Protein
30g
Fat
49g
Carbs
11g
Fibre
6g

Tahini

Nuts & seeds

Sesame seed paste — creamy backbone of hummus, halva and Levantine dressings.

Calories
595
Protein
17g
Fat
54g
Carbs
21g
Fibre
9g

Sweet potato

Vegetables

Beta-carotene powerhouse — one baked medium sweet potato covers a day's vitamin A.

Calories
86
Protein
1.6g
Fat
0.1g
Carbs
20g
Fibre
3g

Broccoli

Vegetables

Cruciferous vegetable rich in sulforaphane, vitamin C and vitamin K.

Calories
34
Protein
2.8g
Fat
0.4g
Carbs
7g
Fibre
2.6g

Cauliflower

Vegetables

Neutral canvas for everything from cauliflower rice to whole-roasted centrepieces.

Calories
25
Protein
1.9g
Fat
0.3g
Carbs
5g
Fibre
2g

Carrots

Vegetables

Sweet root, high in beta-carotene, that improves with roasting or slow-braising.

Calories
41
Protein
0.9g
Fat
0.2g
Carbs
10g
Fibre
2.8g

Beetroot

Vegetables

aka beets

Nitrate-rich root shown to improve blood pressure and athletic performance.

Calories
43
Protein
1.6g
Fat
0.2g
Carbs
10g
Fibre
2.8g

Tomatoes

Vegetables

Umami fruit-vegetable — lycopene becomes more bioavailable when cooked with oil.

Calories
18
Protein
0.9g
Fat
0.2g
Carbs
3.9g
Fibre
1.2g

Spinach

Leafy greens

Iron- and folate-rich green — pair with vitamin C to boost non-heme iron absorption.

Calories
23
Protein
2.9g
Fat
0.4g
Carbs
3.6g
Fibre
2.2g

Kale

Leafy greens

Sturdy, calcium-rich brassica that stands up to massaging, roasting and long braising.

Calories
49
Protein
4.3g
Fat
0.9g
Carbs
9g
Fibre
3.6g

Swiss chard

Leafy greens

Colourful-stemmed green with a mild, spinach-like flavour and magnesium punch.

Calories
19
Protein
1.8g
Fat
0.2g
Carbs
3.7g
Fibre
1.6g

Watercress

Leafy greens

The single most nutrient-dense vegetable per calorie by CDC scoring.

Calories
11
Protein
2.3g
Fat
0.1g
Carbs
1.3g
Fibre
0.5g

Tofu

Tofu & tempeh

Fresh soy curd — silken for creams and soups, firm for stir-fries, extra-firm for grilling.

Calories
76
Protein
8g
Fat
4.8g
Carbs
1.9g
Fibre
0.3g

Tempeh

Tofu & tempeh

Fermented soybean cake with nutty, mushroom-like flavour and probiotic potential.

Calories
195
Protein
20g
Fat
11g
Carbs
8g
Fibre
5g

Seitan

Tofu & tempeh

Wheat-gluten meat analogue with the chew of poultry — invented by Chinese Buddhist monks.

Calories
370
Protein
75g
Fat
1.9g
Carbs
14g
Fibre
0.6g

Umami-rich Asian mushroom — sun-dried caps produce vitamin D2 when exposed to UV.

Calories
34
Protein
2.2g
Fat
0.5g
Carbs
6.8g
Fibre
2.5g

Mature cremini mushroom — meaty enough to stand in for a burger patty.

Calories
22
Protein
2.1g
Fat
0.4g
Carbs
3.9g
Fibre
1.3g

aka nooch

Deactivated yeast flakes with cheesy, umami flavour — the vegan staple for a parmesan-like finish.

Calories
325
Protein
45g
Fat
6g
Carbs
36g
Fibre
21g

Nori

Sea vegetables

Roasted red algae sheets that wrap sushi and season broths with a clean sea flavour.

Calories
35
Protein
5.8g
Fat
0.3g
Carbs
5.1g
Fibre
0.3g

Wakame

Sea vegetables

Silky brown seaweed — the classic seaweed in miso soup.

Calories
45
Protein
3g
Fat
0.6g
Carbs
9g
Fibre
0.5g

Berries

Fruits

aka blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries

Antioxidant-rich fruits linked to lower cardiovascular and cognitive decline risk.

Calories
57
Protein
0.7g
Fat
0.3g
Carbs
14g
Fibre
2.4g

Avocado

Fruits

Buttery fruit rich in monounsaturated fats and potassium — more potassium per gram than banana.

Calories
160
Protein
2g
Fat
15g
Carbs
9g
Fibre
6.7g

Banana

Fruits

Portable potassium-rich fruit; ripe bananas mash into a natural egg substitute.

Calories
89
Protein
1.1g
Fat
0.3g
Carbs
23g
Fibre
2.6g

Dates

Fruits

aka medjool, deglet noor

Nature's caramel — the base of raw energy balls, plant milks and whole-food sweetening.

Calories
277
Protein
1.8g
Fat
0.2g
Carbs
75g
Fibre
6.7g

Olive oil

Fats & oils

Cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet — extra-virgin adds polyphenols and monounsaturated fats.

Calories
884
Protein
0g
Fat
100g
Carbs
0g
Fibre
0g

Maple syrup

Sweeteners

Vegan-friendly liquid sweetener with trace minerals — a straight 1:1 honey swap.

Calories
260
Protein
0g
Fat
0.1g
Carbs
67g
Fibre
0g

Key takeaways

  • Every 'meat' in the kitchen has a plant twin: legumes for stews, tofu for scrambles, jackfruit for pulled textures, mushrooms for depth.
  • Learn five staples deeply — lentils, chickpeas, tofu, tempeh, cashews — and you can recreate most of the dishes you grew up with.
  • Umami without animals: mushrooms, tomato paste, miso, soy sauce, nutritional yeast, seaweed, roasted alliums.
  • You don't need speciality shops — every ingredient below is in a normal supermarket.

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Frequently asked questions

Flax or chia 'eggs' (1 tbsp + 3 tbsp water) for binding; mashed banana or applesauce for moisture; aquafaba (chickpea liquid) for whipping; commercial egg replacers for structure.

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