Bayan kowace lamba, akwai wani

Su wane ne.

Lambobi suna sa mutum ya kasa ji. Sunaye ba sa yi. Kafin a yi magana game da masana'antu da ton da hayaki, ku sadu da dabbobin da kansu — abin da kimiyya ta koya game da hankalinsu, rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa, da kuma tazarar da ke tsakanin rayuwar da za su iya yi da wadda suke samu.

Bos taurus

Shanu

Masu son sani, uwaye masu sadaukarwa masu abota na har abada.

01

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Shanu suna nuna jin daɗi a bayyane idan sun warware wata matsala — masu bincike suna kiranta amsawar 'eureka'. Suna gane shanu da mutane da yawa daban-daban ta fuska.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Suna kulla abota na dindindin kuma suna baƙin ciki idan aka raba su. Uwa da maraƙi za su yi kiran juna na kwanaki bayan an yaye su.

Tsawon rayuwa

Naturalshekaru ~20
Realityshekaru 4–6 (madara) · watanni 12–18 (nama)

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Ana tilasta wa shanun madara yin ciki kowace shekara; ana cire maruƙan cikin sa'o'i. Ana kashe maruƙan shanun madara maza don naman maraƙi ko a harbe su a lokacin haihuwa.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Shanu suna da abokai na kud da kud. Bugun zuciyarsu yana raguwa a bayyane idan aka haɗa su da abokiyar da suka fi so.

Majiyoyi

Alade na gida

Aladu

Sun fi karnuka wayo. Sun fi kuliyoyi tsafta. Ba a daure su kamar kowannensu.

02

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Aladu suna warware ayyukan madubi, suna amfani da sandunan wasa don buga wasannin bidiyo masu sauƙi, kuma sun fi yara 'yan shekara 3 a wasu gwaje-gwajen sanin kasancewar abu.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Suna rayuwa a cikin rukuni na mata, suna gane mutane da yawa, kuma suna da kira daban-daban don abinci, faɗakarwa, da sake haɗuwa.

Tsawon rayuwa

Naturalshekaru 10–15
Realitywatanni 5–6

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Ana daure aladu mata a cikin akwatunan ciki da ƙyar suka fi jikinsu girma. Ana yi wa aladu ƙanana biya, yanke wutsiya, da goge haƙoransu ba tare da maganin sa barci ba.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Aladu suna yin mafarki a cikin barcin REM — kuma da alama suna yin mafarki mai ban tsoro bayan kwanaki masu damuwa.

Majiyoyi

Kaji na gida

Kaji

Kamun kai, lissafi na asali, da kalmomi fiye da 30.

03

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Kaji suna iya jinkirta jin daɗi don samun lada mafi girma, ƙidaya ƙananan adadi, da koyo ta hanyar lura da wasu kaji.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Kaji mata suna yin kuka ga ƙyanƙyashe; ƙyanƙyashe suna amsawa daga cikin ƙwai. Zakaru suna ba da abinci ga kaji mata da suka fi so da kira na musamman.

Tsawon rayuwa

Naturalshekaru 6–10
Realitykwanaki 35–42 (broiler) · makonni 72 (masu ƙwai)

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Kaji na broiler suna girma cikin sauri har ƙafafunsu su karye. Ana kashe kajin maza na irin masu ƙwai — ~6 billion a kowace shekara — a rana ta ɗaya ta hanyar niƙewa ko guba.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Kaji suna da hangen nesa mai launi fiye da namu, gami da mazugi na huɗu da ke ganin ultraviolet.

Majiyoyi

Duk kifin da ke da fin + jatan lande

Kifi

Masu jin zafi, dogon tunani, da farauta tare.

04

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Kifi suna amfani da kayan aiki (wrasses suna fasa harsashi a kan duwatsu), suna gane mutane daban-daban, kuma suna tuna hanyoyin tserewa na tsawon watanni.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Kifin mai tsaftacewa yana kula da kyakkyawar alaƙa da abokan ciniki. Yawancin jinsuna suna kulla alaƙa na rayuwa.

Tsawon rayuwa

NaturalYa bambanta — jinsuna da yawa shekaru 10–50+
RealityAn kashe su a shekaru 1-2 (kiwo) ko kowane shekaru (daji)

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Yawancinsu ana kashe su ba tare da maganin sa barci ba — ana barin su su shaƙu a kan ƙanƙara ko a murƙushe su a ƙarƙashin nauyinsu a cikin raga. ~tan miliyan 38 na kama kuskure a kowace shekara.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Nazari ya nuna cewa kifi suna da nociceptors da tsarin opioid da ba za a iya bambanta su da na dabbobi masu shayarwa ba. Suna jin zafi.

Majiyoyi

Ovis aries

Tumaki

Masu karanta fuska, masu warware matsala, kuma masu sadaukarwa ga layin iyali.

05

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Tumaki suna gane fuskoki 50 daban-daban — tumaki ko mutum — na fiye da shekaru biyu. Suna iya warware matsala da zaɓar fuskokin da suka saba a ƙarƙashin damuwa.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Suna kafa rukuni na mata; kakanni, uwaye, da 'ya'ya mata galibi suna kiwo tare har tsawon rayuwa.

Tsawon rayuwa

Naturalshekaru 10–12
Realitywatanni 6–8 (ɗan rago) · shekaru 4–5 (ulu)

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Ana yanke wa ɗiyan rago wutsiya kuma ana yi musu biya ba tare da maganin rage zafi ba. Mulesing — yanke fata daga tumaki masu rai — ya kasance ruwan dare a cikin ulun Australia.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Tumaki suna da ɗaliban idanu masu kusurwa huɗu da ke ba su hangen nesa kusan 360°, kuma suna gane motsin zuciyar mutane daga hotuna.

Majiyoyi

Turu na gida

Tattabara

Masu kiwon tsuntsaye masu son sani sun yi kiwo har sai sun kasa haihuwa.

06

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Tattabara tana gane fuskoki, tana koyon sunayenta, kuma tana fi son wasu mutane. Tattabara ta jeji tana warware matsalolin neman abinci da ba a saba gani ba kuma tana tunawa da mafita tsawon shekaru.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Suna rayuwa a cikin garken kaji masu mata; iyaye mata suna koya wa 'ya'ya abin da za su ci da waɗanne masu farauta za su firgita. Suna yin fiye da sautuka 20 daban-daban.

Tsawon rayuwa

Natural~10 shekaru
RealityMakonni 14–18

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Tattabara ta masana'antu masu 'ƙirjin fari mai fadi' an yi mata kiwo har ta girma sosai ba za ta iya saduwa ta halitta ba — kowace tattabara ta kasuwanci sakamakon haifuwar roba ce. Ana datse baki da yatsun kafa ba tare da jin zafi ba.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Tattabara tana kunyata. Fatar da ba ta da gashin a kan kawunansu da wuyansu tana canza launi tare da yanayi — ruwan hoda lokacin da take shakatawa, ja mai duhu lokacin da take farin ciki ko damuwa.

Majiyoyi

Octopoda

Gurita

Masu amfani da kayan aiki, masu warware matsaloli masu hannaye takwas masu zaman kansu.

07

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Gurita tana buɗe kwalaben da yara ba za su iya buɗewa ba, tana iya bin hanya mai rikitarwa, kuma tana amfani da kwayoyin kwakwa a matsayin matsuguni masu ɗauka — an fara rubuta amfani da kayan aiki na invertebrate.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Yawanci tana rayuwa ita kaɗai amma tana nuna halaye na ɗaiɗaikun mutane; wasu suna gane mutane ɗaiɗaiku ta fuska kuma suna nuna halaye daban-daban ga kowane ɗayan.

Tsawon rayuwa

Natural1–5 shekaru (mafi yawan nau'o'in)
RealityAna kamawa a cikin daji a kowane zamani; an fara gina gonakin gurita na farko a Spain.

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Ana kashe yawancin gurita ta hanyar bugawa, yankawa da rai, ko shake su. Gonar gurita ta masana'antu ta farko, da aka shirya don tsibirin Canary, za ta killace dabbobi miliyan 1 masu hankali waɗanda ke rayuwa kaɗai a kowace shekara.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Kashi biyu bisa uku na jijiyoyin gurita suna cikin hannayenta — kowane hannu yana iya ɗanɗana, yanke shawara, da aiki da kansu ba tare da dogaro da kwakwalwar tsakiya ba.

Majiyoyi

Idan ba za mu yi wa kare ba, me yasa za mu yi wa alade?

Layin da ke tsakanin 'dabbar gida' da 'abinci' shine yanayin ƙasa, al'ada, da talla — ba ilimin halitta, hankali, ko ikon shan wahala ba.

Ɗauki ƙalubalen kwana 7Duba masana'antu

Muhimman Abubuwan Lura

  • Shanu suna kafa alaƙar zamantakewa ta rayuwa kuma suna baƙin ciki a rabuwa da ’ya’yan su.
  • Aladu suna warware wasanin gwada ilimi a matakin yaro mai shekaru 3 kuma suna amfani da madubai don gano abinci.
  • Kaji suna da halaye daban-daban, suna kirga ƙananan lambobi, kuma suna amfani da kira na nuni.
  • Kifi yana koyo, yana tunawa, yana haɗin gwiwa, kuma — shaidun yanzu sun nuna — yana jin zafi.

Raba wannan shafi

Raba a XRaba a FacebookRaba a WhatsApp

Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi

Ta yawancin ma'aunan ilimi — warware matsala, sanin kai, koyo na zamantakewa — Aladu sun yi dai-dai ko fiye da karnuka. Suna kuma da hankali sosai, suna kafa zaɓi da alaƙa mai dorewa.

Ci gaba da Karatu

Dabbobi
Adadi, masana'antu, da tsarin gaba ɗaya.
Me yasa
Shari'ar ɗa'a.
Shirye-shiryen bidiyo
Fina-finai da suka canza tunani.

Abin da kimiyya ke cewa game da su

Hankali, ji, da dabbobin da ke cikin tsarin abinci

Tambayar abin da dabbobin da ake kiwon abinci ke ji ba ta zama hasashe ba. Akwai ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen kwatancen fahimta, kuma koyaushe suna samun fiye da abin da masana'antun da ke amfani da waɗannan dabbobin suke so.

Hankali yanzu ya zama bincike na shari'a da na kimiyya

Sanarwar Cambridge ta 2012 game da Hankali ta kammala cewa tushen jijiyoyi na gwanintar hankali ba na mutane kaɗai ba ne kuma yana nan a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, da sauran dabbobi ciki har da dorinar ruwa. Dokar Kare Dabbobi (Hankali) ta Burtaniya ta 2022 ta ba da amincewa a hukumance ga kaguwa da dorinar ruwa bayan nazari na tsari na shaidu. EU ta amince da dabbobi a matsayin halittu masu hankali a cikin dokar yarjejeniya tun 1997.

Alade

Alade suna yin daidai da karnuka kuma a wasu ayyuka suna yin daidai da yara ƙanana a gwaje-gwajen koyon aiki, ƙwaƙwalwar sarari, da bambance-bambancen abu. Suna iya amfani da madubi don gano abinci da aka ɓoye, koyan ayyukan bidiyo da ke sarrafa joystick, nuna alamun halayen bege da rashin bege dangane da yanayin gidaje, da kuma nuna martanin tausayi da ake iya aunawa ga damuwa a cikin takwarorinsu. Ana yanka su ne a kimanin watanni shida na tsawon rayuwa na shekaru goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin.

Kaji

Kaji suna nuna fahimtar wucewa, kamun kai a ayyukan lada da aka jinkirta, fiye da sauti ashirin daban-daban masu ma'ana, da kuma bambance-bambancen lambobi na farko a cikin kajin kwanaki bayan kyankyashewa. Kaji mata suna nuna martanin damuwa na jiki lokacin da kajinsu ke cikin damuwa. Hoton kaji marasa hankali al'ada ce ta yadda ake kiyaye su, ba bincike daga kowane wallafe-wallafe ba.

Shanu, tumaki da awaki

Shanu suna nuna farin ciki da canjin bugun zuciya da ake iya aunawa lokacin da suka warware matsala - abin da ake kira amsawar eureka - suna kulla alaƙar fifiko na dogon lokaci, kuma suna nuna damuwa mai tsanani lokacin rabuwa da maraƙi wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki. Tumaki suna gane kuma suna tuna fuskoki da yawa na mutane, na tumaki da na mutane, na tsawon shekaru kuma suna amsa maganganun motsin rai a cikin hotuna. Awaki suna kallon mutane don neman taimako lokacin da aiki ba zai iya warwarewa ba, hali da a baya aka yi imanin yana iyakance ga nau'ikan dabbobin gida.

Kifi da dabbobin da ba su da kashin baya

Kifi suna da masu jin zafi, suna nuna guje-guje wurin da aka sanya sharri bayan abubuwa masu cutarwa, suna ba da maganin rage zafi, kuma suna nuna zazzabi na halayya da amfani da kayan aiki a wasu nau'ikan. Kifin cleaner wrasse sun ci gwajin madubi da aka gyara. Dorinar ruwa suna nuna gane mutum, wasa, da warware matsaloli masu rikitarwa. Rukunin 'kifi' ya ƙunshi bambancin juyin halitta fiye da dukan dabbobi masu kashin baya na ƙasa, don haka ya kamata a riƙe gabaɗaya a hankali - amma da'awar cewa ba sa jin zafi ba ta da kariya a kan shaidar yanzu.

Nau'o'in a kallo

Tsawon rayuwa shine kewayon dabi'a na yau da kullun idan aka kwatanta da shekarun yankan kasuwanci.

Nau'inTsawon rayuwa na dabi'aShekarun yankaBinciken fahimta da aka rubuta
AladeShekaru 15-20Kimanin watanni 6Amfani da madubi, ayyukan joystick, tausayi, son zuciya na bege
Kaza (nama)Shekaru 6-8Makonni 5-6Fahimtar wucewa, kamun kai, kira masu ma'ana
Kaza (kwai)Shekaru 6-8Kimanin watanni 18Martanin damuwa na uwa, bambance-bambancen lambobi
SaniyaKimanin shekaru 20Watanni 18-24 (nama)Amsar eureka, alaƙar zamantakewa, haɗin maraƙi
Saniyar madaraKimanin shekaru 20Shekaru 4-6Ƙwaƙwalwar dogon lokaci, damuwa a rabuwa
TunkiyaShekaru 10-12Watanni 6-8Gane fuskoki 50+ na tsawon shekaru
Kifi (kiwon)Shekaru 4-8Kimanin shekaru 2Jin zafi, koyon gujewa, ilimin halittar jiki na damuwa
Dorinar ruwaShekaru 1-2Ya bambantaAmfani da kayan aiki, wasa, gane mutum

Wallafe-wallafen kwatancen fahimta · Sanarwar Cambridge game da Hankali (2012) · Binciken hankali na LSE (2021)

Tantance da'awar hankali da mahimmanci

Wannan fanni yana jan hankalin wuce gona da iri da kuma watsi. Wasu halaye suna kiyaye ku a kan ƙasa mai ƙarfi.

  1. 1

    Rarrabe jin zafi daga wahala

    Gano lalacewa da dandana shi da'awa ne daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar shaidu daban-daban. Kyakkyawan takardu suna faɗi wanne suke gwadawa.

  2. 2

    Fi son shaidun da ke haɗuwa

    Hanyoyin halayya, ilimin halittar jiki, magunguna, da jijiyoyi waɗanda ke nuna hanya ɗaya sun fi ƙarfin kowane ɗayan kaɗai.

  3. 3

    Ka kula da tsarin ɗan adam

    Kanun labarai game da 'alade yana wasa da wasannin bidiyo' yana bayyana aikin aiki na gaske; takardar ta fi taka tsantsan fiye da labarin.

  4. 4

    Ka lura da matsayin maimaitawa

    Wasu shahararrun binciken, a wannan fanni kamar yadda ake yi a ilimin halin dan Adam gabaɗaya, ba a maimaita su da kyau ba.

  5. 5

    Ka duba wanda ke ayyana sharuɗɗan

    Kimiyyar jin dadin dabbobi da masana'antu ke tallafawa sau da yawa tana ayyana jin dadi a matsayin rashin cuta da yawan aiki, wanda ke ware mafi yawan abin da tambayar ta shafi.

Da'awar da aka kafa da kuma waɗanda ake jayayya

An kafa da kyau

  • Dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye suna da tushen jijiyoyi da ke da alaƙa da gwanintar hankali.
  • Kifi suna da masu jin zafi kuma suna nuna koyan guje wa abubuwa masu cutarwa.
  • Alade, shanu, tumaki da kaji suna kulla alaƙar zamantakewa da fifiko.
  • Inganta muhalli yana canza sakamakon gwajin son zuciya da ake iya aunawa.

Ana jayayya ko an wuce gona da iri

  • Kwatancen IQ na musamman tsakanin nau'ikan da shekarun mutane.
  • Da'awar cewa kwari tabbas suna shan wahala ko kuma ba sa shan wahala - shaidar ba ta tabbata ba.
  • Nazarin guda ɗaya da aka gabatar a matsayin ijma'i kafin maimaitawa.
  • Zaton cewa kamannin halayya da mutane ya zama dole don dacewa da ɗabi'a.

Tambayoyi game da hankalin dabbobi

Shin kifi yana jin zafi?

Mafi yawan shaidu sun ce e a ma'anar aiki da ke da mahimmanci: suna da masu jin zafi, suna nuna canje-canjen halayya na dindindin bayan abubuwa masu cutarwa, kuma suna rage waɗannan canje-canjen idan aka ba su maganin rage zafi. Wasu masu bincike suna jayayya game da abin da ke cikin rai, wanda yake da wuyar kafawa.

Shin alade da gaske suna da wayo kamar karnuka?

A kan ayyuka da yawa na yau da kullun - ƙwaƙwalwar sarari, koyon aiki, bincike ta hanyar madubi - alade suna yin daidai ko mafi kyau. Kwatancen hankali tsakanin nau'ikan yana da wahala, amma ana tallafawa da'awar gabaɗaya.

Shin hankali yana ƙayyade dacewa da ɗabi'a?

Yawancin masana falsafa suna jayayya cewa ba haka ba; ikon shan wahala ne ke yin hakan. Binciken fahimta yana da mahimmanci saboda yana tabbatar da kasancewar gwaninta, ba don ya jera wanda ya cancanci la'akari ba.

Game da kwari da kaguwa fa?

Burtaniya ta ba da amincewar hankali na shari'a ga kaguwa da dorinar ruwa a 2022 bayan nazari na tsari. Ga kwari shaidar ba ta da yawa kuma ba ta tabbata ba, kuma masu bincike masu hankali suna samun sabani.

Shin wannan ba kawai siffanta dabbobi da halayen mutane ba ne?

Hadarin yana nan, shi ya sa fannin ya dogara da ayyukan halayya da aka sarrafa, matakan ilimin halittar jiki da sarrafa magunguna maimakon kallo da fahimta. Zaton rashin gwaninta ba tare da shaida ba zato ne mai ƙarfi daidai a wata hanya.

A ina zan iya karanta binciken farko?

Sanarwar Cambridge game da Hankali (2012), Binciken LSE na hankali a cikin kaguwa da dorinar ruwa (2021), da mujallu kamar Animal Cognition da Applied Animal Behaviour Science sune madaidaitan wuraren shiga.

Tushen

  • Low, P. et al. (2012). The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness.
  • Birch, J. et al. (2021). Review of the Evidence of Sentience in Cephalopod Molluscs and Decapod Crustaceans. LSE.
  • Marino, L. & Colvin, C. (2015). Thinking Pigs: Cognition, Emotion and Personality in Sus domesticus.
  • Sneddon, L. (2015). Pain in aquatic animals. Journal of Experimental Biology.