Bayan kowace lamba, akwai wani

Su wane ne.

Lambobi suna sa mutum ya kasa ji. Sunaye ba sa yi. Kafin a yi magana game da masana'antu da ton da hayaki, ku sadu da dabbobin da kansu — abin da kimiyya ta koya game da hankalinsu, rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa, da kuma tazarar da ke tsakanin rayuwar da za su iya yi da wadda suke samu.

Bos taurus

Shanu

Dabbobi masu son sani, masu zamantakewa tare da kyakkyawar alaka tsakanin uwa da maraƙi.

01
Shanu

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Shanu sun nuna karuwar bugun zuciya da motsi yayin koyon magance matsala — wani lokacin ana kiransa amsa ta 'eureka'. Suna iya bambance shanu daban-daban da mutane ta amfani da alamun gani.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Suna kulla kyakkyawar alakar zamantakewa kuma suna nuna damuwa idan aka raba su. Uwaye da maruƙa na iya kiran juna akai-akai bayan rabuwa.

Tsawon rayuwa

Na halittashekaru ~20
HaƙiƙaYawancin lokaci shekaru 4–6 (madara) · shekarun yanka na naman sa sun bambanta bisa ga tsarin.

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Ana kiwon shanu na madara don yin kiwo akai-akai; galibi ana cire maruƙa a cikin sa'o'i ko kwanaki. Ana iya kiwon maruƙa maza don naman sa ko naman maraƙi, ko a kashe su tun suna kanana.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Shanu suna da abokai na kud da kud. Bugun zuciyarsu yana raguwa a bayyane idan aka haɗa su da abokiyar da suka fi so.

Majiyoyi

Alade na gida

Aladu

Dabbobi masu son sani, masu wayo tare da rayuwar zamantakewa mai rikitarwa.

02
Aladu

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Aladu na iya koyon ayyukan da suka shafi madubi da amfani da sandunan sarrafawa (joysticks) don matsar da siginan kwamfuta zuwa wuraren da aka nufa a kan allo. Ana nazarin iyawarsu ta koyo ta hanyar ayyukan da aka daidaita da hankalinsu da halayyarsu.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Aladu suna kafa kungiyoyin zamantakewa, suna gane abokan juna, kuma suna amfani da kiran daban-daban a yanayi daban-daban.

Tsawon rayuwa

Na halittashekaru 10–15
Haƙiƙawatanni 5–6

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Wasu tsare-tsare suna kulle uwayen aladu a cikin kejin da ke hana su juyowa. Ana iya cire wa 'ya'yan aladu ƙwayoyin haihuwa, yanke musu wutsiya ko datsa musu haƙora; takaitawa da rage zafi sun bambanta bisa ga ƙasa.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Aladu na iya koyon sarrafa kashin linzamin kwamfuta da joystick don buga abubuwan da aka sa gaba a kan allo — wani aikin wasan bidiyo da a da aka fi gwada wa akan birrai.

Majiyoyi

Kaji na gida

Kaji

Kamun kai, lissafi na asali, da kalmomi fiye da 30.

03
Kaji

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Kaji suna iya jinkirta jin daɗi don samun lada mafi girma, ƙidaya ƙananan adadi, da koyo ta hanyar lura da wasu kaji.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Kaji mata suna yin kuka ga ƙyanƙyashe; ƙyanƙyashe suna amsawa daga cikin ƙwai. Zakaru suna ba da abinci ga kaji mata da suka fi so da kira na musamman.

Tsawon rayuwa

Na halittashekaru 6–10
Haƙiƙakwanaki 35–42 (broiler) · makonni 72 (masu ƙwai)

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Kajin da suke girma da sauri suna fuskantar haɗarin matsalolin ƙafa. Galibi ana kashe kajin maza na nau'in kajin ƙwai jim kaɗan bayan ƙyanƙyashewa, kodayake wasu ƙasashe suna taƙaita wannan aikin kuma suna amfani da wasu hanyoyin.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Kaji suna da nau'ikan cones guda huɗu masu kula da launi kuma za su iya gano tsawon raƙuman haske da suka wuce abin da ɗan adam zai iya gani.

Majiyoyi

Duk kifin da ke da fin + jatan lande

Kifi

Masu jin zafi, dogon tunani, da farauta tare.

04
Kifi

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Kifi suna amfani da kayan aiki (wrasses suna fasa harsashi a kan duwatsu), suna gane mutane daban-daban, kuma suna tuna hanyoyin tserewa na tsawon watanni.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Kifin da ake kira cleaner fish na kula da dangantaka da sauran kifaye. Wasu nau'in kifi na kafa alaƙar biyu-biyu na dogon lokaci.

Tsawon rayuwa

Na halittaYa bambanta — jinsuna da yawa shekaru 10–50+
HaƙiƙaShekarun yanka sun bambanta sosai bisa ga nau'in kifin da ake kiwo; ana kamun kifin daji a shekaru daban-daban.

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Kifi da yawa suna mutuwa ba tare da an suma ba, ta hanyar shaka, matsewa cikin raga ko wasu hanyoyin da ke sa mutuwa a hankali. Kama wasu nau'in kifin ba tare da an yi niyya ba kuma yana cutar da su.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Kifi suna da nociceptors da tsarin rage zafi. Hujojin halayya da ilimin halitta suna tabbatar da iyawarsu ta jin zafi.

Majiyoyi

Ovis aries

Tumaki

Masu karanta fuska, masu warware matsala, kuma masu sadaukarwa ga layin iyali.

05
Tumaki

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Tumaki na iya tuna fuskokin tumaki 50 daban-daban sama da shekaru biyu. Haka kuma za su iya koyon gane fuskokin mutane da magance ayyukan sararin samaniya.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Tumaki suna kafa kungiyoyin zamantakewa kuma suna son abokan garke da suka saba da su. Kebewa daga garken na iya haifar da damuwa.

Tsawon rayuwa

Na halittashekaru 10–12
HaƙiƙaAna yanka ƴan rago kafin shekara 1 · shekarun tumakin da suka girma sun bambanta bisa ga tsarin.

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Ana iya yanke wutsiyar ƴan raguna ko kuma a cire musu ƙwayayen haihuwa, tare da bambancin maganin ciwo dangane da ƙasa da kuma hanyar da aka bi. Mulesing — yanke fata a kusa da duwawu — ana amfani da shi a wasu tumakin Australia.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Tumaki suna da ɗaliban ido masu siffar rectangular kuma suna da filin gani mai faɗi. Suna iya koyon gane fuskokin mutane ɗaya-ɗaya a cikin hotuna.

Majiyoyi

Turu na gida

Tattabara

Tsuntsayen da ke rayuwa a cikin garken jama'a waɗanda aka nuna su don girma cikin sauri.

06

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Turkeys suna binciken kewayensu, suna neman abinci kuma suna ba da amsa ga alamun zamantakewa da muhalli. Tsuntsayen gona suna buƙatar damar yin waɗannan ɗabi'un.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Suna rayuwa a cikin garken kaji masu mata; iyaye mata suna koya wa 'ya'ya abin da za su ci da waɗanne masu farauta za su firgita. Suna yin fiye da sautuka 20 daban-daban.

Tsawon rayuwa

Na halitta~10 shekaru
HaƙiƙaSau da yawa 15–22 makonni a cikin samar da naman EU

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Kiwon turkeys na kasuwanci masu saurin girma galibi suna amfani da dabarar artificial insemination. Ana amfani da yanke baki da yatsun kafa a wasu tsarin kuma hakan na iya haifar da ciwo; ayyukan sun bambanta.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Fatar da ke kan kawunan turkeys da wuyansu na iya canza launi idan sun zama masu kuzari. Launuka kuma sun bambanta da jinsi da yanayin kiwo.

Majiyoyi

Octopoda

Gurita

Tunani masu amfani da kayan aiki, magance matsaloli tare da hannaye takwas masu sassauƙa.

07

Hankali & Jin daɗi

Octopuses na iya magance ayyukan koyo, sarrafa abubuwa da kuma kewaya cikin labyrinths. An lura da wasu suna ɗauke da ƙwallon kwakwa don amfani da su azaman matsuguni masu sauƙin ɗauka.

Rayuwar zamantakewa

Yawancin nau'ikan suna rayuwa ne kaɗai amma suna nuna bambance-bambancen ɗabi'a na mutum ɗaya. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa octopuses na iya bambance tsakanin mutane ɗaya-ɗaya.

Tsawon rayuwa

Na halitta1–5 shekaru (mafi yawan nau'o'in)
HaƙiƙaAn kama su a daji a shekarun daban-daban; an janye gonar Las Palmas da aka tsara a 2026

Abin da muke yi a maimakon haka

Octopuses da aka kama a daji ana iya kashe su ta hanyar bugu, yanka ko shaƙewa, abin da ke haifar da damuwa kan jin daɗin rayuwarsu. Nueva Pescanova ta janye gonar ta Las Palmas da aka tsara a 2026; manufarta ita ce samar da har zuwa 1 million octopuses a kowace shekara.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki

Kashi biyu bisa uku na jijiyoyin gurita suna cikin hannayenta — kowane hannu yana iya ɗanɗana, yanke shawara, da aiki da kansu ba tare da dogaro da kwakwalwar tsakiya ba.

Majiyoyi

Idan ba za mu yi wa kare ba, me yasa za mu yi wa alade?

Layin da ke tsakanin 'dabbar gida' da 'abinci' shine yanayin ƙasa, al'ada, da talla — ba ilimin halitta, hankali, ko ikon shan wahala ba.

Ɗauki ƙalubalen kwana 7Duba masana'antu

Muhimman Abubuwan Lura

  • Shanu suna kafa alaƙar zamantakewa ta rayuwa kuma suna baƙin ciki a rabuwa da ’ya’yan su.
  • Aladu suna nuna koyo da warware matsaloli masu rikitarwa, kuma za su iya amfani da madubi don gano abinci.
  • Kaji suna da halaye daban-daban, suna kirga ƙananan lambobi, kuma suna amfani da kira na nuni.
  • Kifi yana koyo, yana tunawa, yana haɗin gwiwa, kuma — shaidun yanzu sun nuna — yana jin zafi.

Raba wannan shafi

Raba a XRaba a FacebookRaba a WhatsApp

Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi

Aladu suna nuna kwarewa wajen warware matsaloli, koyo daga zamantakewa, da martanin motsin rai. Kwatantawa da karnuka ya dogara ne akan aikin; amfani da madubi don neman abinci ba ya nuna cewa sun san kansu.

Ci gaba da Karatu

Dabbobi
Adadi, masana'antu, da tsarin gaba ɗaya.
Me yasa
Shari'ar ɗa'a.
Shirye-shiryen bidiyo
Fina-finai da suka canza tunani.

Abin da kimiyya ke cewa game da su

Hankali, ji, da dabbobin da ke cikin tsarin abinci

Tambayar abin da dabbobin da ake kiwon abinci ke ji ba ta zama hasashe ba. Akwai ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen kwatancen fahimta, kuma koyaushe suna samun fiye da abin da masana'antun da ke amfani da waɗannan dabbobin suke so.

Hankali yanzu ya zama bincike na shari'a da na kimiyya

Sanarwar Cambridge ta 2012 game da Hankali ta kammala cewa tushen jijiyoyi na gwanintar hankali ba na mutane kaɗai ba ne kuma yana nan a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, da sauran dabbobi ciki har da dorinar ruwa. Dokar Kare Dabbobi (Hankali) ta Burtaniya ta 2022 ta ba da amincewa a hukumance ga kaguwa da dorinar ruwa bayan nazari na tsari na shaidu. EU ta amince da dabbobi a matsayin halittu masu hankali a cikin dokar yarjejeniya tun 1997.

Alade

Alade suna yin daidai da karnuka kuma a wasu ayyuka suna yin daidai da yara ƙanana a gwaje-gwajen koyon aiki, ƙwaƙwalwar sarari, da bambance-bambancen abu. Suna iya amfani da madubi don gano abinci da aka ɓoye, koyan ayyukan bidiyo da ke sarrafa joystick, nuna alamun halayen bege da rashin bege dangane da yanayin gidaje, da kuma nuna martanin tausayi da ake iya aunawa ga damuwa a cikin takwarorinsu. Ana yanka su ne a kimanin watanni shida na tsawon rayuwa na shekaru goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin.

Kaji

Kaji suna nuna fahimtar wucewa, kamun kai a ayyukan lada da aka jinkirta, fiye da sauti ashirin daban-daban masu ma'ana, da kuma bambance-bambancen lambobi na farko a cikin kajin kwanaki bayan kyankyashewa. Kaji mata suna nuna martanin damuwa na jiki lokacin da kajinsu ke cikin damuwa. Hoton kaji marasa hankali al'ada ce ta yadda ake kiyaye su, ba bincike daga kowane wallafe-wallafe ba.

Shanu, tumaki da awaki

Shanu suna nuna farin ciki da canjin bugun zuciya da ake iya aunawa lokacin da suka warware matsala - abin da ake kira amsawar eureka - suna kulla alaƙar fifiko na dogon lokaci, kuma suna nuna damuwa mai tsanani lokacin rabuwa da maraƙi wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki. Tumaki suna gane kuma suna tuna fuskoki da yawa na mutane, na tumaki da na mutane, na tsawon shekaru kuma suna amsa maganganun motsin rai a cikin hotuna. Awaki suna kallon mutane don neman taimako lokacin da aiki ba zai iya warwarewa ba, hali da a baya aka yi imanin yana iyakance ga nau'ikan dabbobin gida.

Kifi da dabbobin da ba su da kashin baya

Kifi suna da masu jin zafi, suna nuna guje-guje wurin da aka sanya sharri bayan abubuwa masu cutarwa, suna ba da maganin rage zafi, kuma suna nuna zazzabi na halayya da amfani da kayan aiki a wasu nau'ikan. Kifin cleaner wrasse sun ci gwajin madubi da aka gyara. Dorinar ruwa suna nuna gane mutum, wasa, da warware matsaloli masu rikitarwa. Rukunin 'kifi' ya ƙunshi bambancin juyin halitta fiye da dukan dabbobi masu kashin baya na ƙasa, don haka ya kamata a riƙe gabaɗaya a hankali - amma da'awar cewa ba sa jin zafi ba ta da kariya a kan shaidar yanzu.

Nau'o'in a kallo

Tsawon rayuwa shine kewayon dabi'a na yau da kullun idan aka kwatanta da shekarun yankan kasuwanci.

Nau'inTsawon rayuwa na dabi'aShekarun yankaBinciken fahimta da aka rubuta
AladeShekaru 15-20Kimanin watanni 6Amfani da madubi, ayyukan joystick, tausayi, son zuciya na bege
Kaza (nama)Shekaru 6-8Makonni 5-6Fahimtar wucewa, kamun kai, kira masu ma'ana
Kaza (kwai)Shekaru 6-8Kimanin watanni 18Martanin damuwa na uwa, bambance-bambancen lambobi
SaniyaKimanin shekaru 20Watanni 18-24 (nama)Amsar eureka, alaƙar zamantakewa, haɗin maraƙi
Saniyar madaraKimanin shekaru 20Shekaru 4-6Ƙwaƙwalwar dogon lokaci, damuwa a rabuwa
TunkiyaShekaru 10-12Watanni 6-8Gane fuskoki 50+ na tsawon shekaru
Kifi (kiwon)Shekaru 4-8Kimanin shekaru 2Jin zafi, koyon gujewa, ilimin halittar jiki na damuwa
Dorinar ruwaShekaru 1-2Ya bambantaAmfani da kayan aiki, wasa, gane mutum

Wallafe-wallafen kwatancen fahimta · Sanarwar Cambridge game da Hankali (2012) · Binciken hankali na LSE (2021)

Tantance da'awar hankali da mahimmanci

Wannan fanni yana jan hankalin wuce gona da iri da kuma watsi. Wasu halaye suna kiyaye ku a kan ƙasa mai ƙarfi.

  1. 1

    Rarrabe jin zafi daga wahala

    Gano lalacewa da dandana shi da'awa ne daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar shaidu daban-daban. Kyakkyawan takardu suna faɗi wanne suke gwadawa.

  2. 2

    Fi son shaidun da ke haɗuwa

    Hanyoyin halayya, ilimin halittar jiki, magunguna, da jijiyoyi waɗanda ke nuna hanya ɗaya sun fi ƙarfin kowane ɗayan kaɗai.

  3. 3

    Ka kula da tsarin ɗan adam

    Kanun labarai game da 'alade yana wasa da wasannin bidiyo' yana bayyana aikin aiki na gaske; takardar ta fi taka tsantsan fiye da labarin.

  4. 4

    Ka lura da matsayin maimaitawa

    Wasu shahararrun binciken, a wannan fanni kamar yadda ake yi a ilimin halin dan Adam gabaɗaya, ba a maimaita su da kyau ba.

  5. 5

    Ka duba wanda ke ayyana sharuɗɗan

    Kimiyyar jin dadin dabbobi da masana'antu ke tallafawa sau da yawa tana ayyana jin dadi a matsayin rashin cuta da yawan aiki, wanda ke ware mafi yawan abin da tambayar ta shafi.

Da'awar da aka kafa da kuma waɗanda ake jayayya

An kafa da kyau

  • Dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye suna da tushen jijiyoyi da ke da alaƙa da gwanintar hankali.
  • Kifi suna da masu jin zafi kuma suna nuna koyan guje wa abubuwa masu cutarwa.
  • Alade, shanu, tumaki da kaji suna kulla alaƙar zamantakewa da fifiko.
  • Inganta muhalli yana canza sakamakon gwajin son zuciya da ake iya aunawa.

Ana jayayya ko an wuce gona da iri

  • Kwatancen IQ na musamman tsakanin nau'ikan da shekarun mutane.
  • Da'awar cewa kwari tabbas suna shan wahala ko kuma ba sa shan wahala - shaidar ba ta tabbata ba.
  • Nazarin guda ɗaya da aka gabatar a matsayin ijma'i kafin maimaitawa.
  • Zaton cewa kamannin halayya da mutane ya zama dole don dacewa da ɗabi'a.

Tambayoyi game da hankalin dabbobi

Shin kifi yana jin zafi?

Mafi yawan shaidu sun ce e a ma'anar aiki da ke da mahimmanci: suna da masu jin zafi, suna nuna canje-canjen halayya na dindindin bayan abubuwa masu cutarwa, kuma suna rage waɗannan canje-canjen idan aka ba su maganin rage zafi. Wasu masu bincike suna jayayya game da abin da ke cikin rai, wanda yake da wuyar kafawa.

Shin alade da gaske suna da wayo kamar karnuka?

A kan ayyuka da yawa na yau da kullun - ƙwaƙwalwar sarari, koyon aiki, bincike ta hanyar madubi - alade suna yin daidai ko mafi kyau. Kwatancen hankali tsakanin nau'ikan yana da wahala, amma ana tallafawa da'awar gabaɗaya.

Shin hankali yana ƙayyade dacewa da ɗabi'a?

Yawancin masana falsafa suna jayayya cewa ba haka ba; ikon shan wahala ne ke yin hakan. Binciken fahimta yana da mahimmanci saboda yana tabbatar da kasancewar gwaninta, ba don ya jera wanda ya cancanci la'akari ba.

Game da kwari da kaguwa fa?

Burtaniya ta ba da amincewar hankali na shari'a ga kaguwa da dorinar ruwa a 2022 bayan nazari na tsari. Ga kwari shaidar ba ta da yawa kuma ba ta tabbata ba, kuma masu bincike masu hankali suna samun sabani.

Shin wannan ba kawai siffanta dabbobi da halayen mutane ba ne?

Hadarin yana nan, shi ya sa fannin ya dogara da ayyukan halayya da aka sarrafa, matakan ilimin halittar jiki da sarrafa magunguna maimakon kallo da fahimta. Zaton rashin gwaninta ba tare da shaida ba zato ne mai ƙarfi daidai a wata hanya.

A ina zan iya karanta binciken farko?

Sanarwar Cambridge game da Hankali (2012), Binciken LSE na hankali a cikin kaguwa da dorinar ruwa (2021), da mujallu kamar Animal Cognition da Applied Animal Behaviour Science sune madaidaitan wuraren shiga.

Tushen

  • Low, P. et al. (2012). The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness.
  • Birch, J. et al. (2021). Review of the Evidence of Sentience in Cephalopod Molluscs and Decapod Crustaceans. LSE.
  • Marino, L. & Colvin, C. (2015). Thinking Pigs: Cognition, Emotion and Personality in Sus domesticus.
  • Sneddon, L. (2015). Pain in aquatic animals. Journal of Experimental Biology.