Kwatancen 24 ta amfani da bayanan rayuwa da aka sake nazari — iskar gas mai gurbata yanayi, ƙasa, ruwa da furotin, a kowace kilogram na abinci ko a kowace gram 100 na furotin.
Lentils suna gyara nitrogen ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na symbiotic kuma suna guje wa dogara ga abincin dabbobi. Lentils da aka dafa suna samar da kusan 9 g na furotin a kowane 100 g, ƙasa da naman sa da aka dafa; yawan abinci da yadda aka sarrafa shi suna da mahimmanci.
Tofu yana guje wa matakin canza abinci na samar da dabbobi. A cikin matsakaicin duniya da aka ambata, tofu yana da ƙaramin tasiri na yanayi da fili fiye da naman saniya.
Kowace madarar tsirrai ta fi madarar dabbobi a dukkan bangarorin muhalli uku. Hatsi shine mafi kyawun madadin: ƙarancin amfani da ruwa, yankuna masu matsakaicin zafi da babu matsin ban ruwa irin na almond.
Cuku na madarar dabba yana da babbar tasiri saboda samar da madara na cinye albarkatu da yawa. Madadin cuku na goro yana guje wa madarar dabba, amma yadda ake samun goro, ƙarin mai da sarrafa shi suna shafar tasirinsu da abinci mai gina jiki.
Kaza gabaɗaya tana da ƙaramin tasiri ga sauyin yanayi fiye da naman sa, amma wake yana da ƙaramin tasiri a matsakaita. Chickpeas da aka dafa suna ɗauke da ƙaramin furotin a kowane 100 g fiye da kaza kuma suna samar da zaren abinci.
Tempeh ana yin sa ne ta hanyar ƙasa da waken soya kuma yana riƙe da furotin da zaren abinci. Samar da naman alade ya haɗa da shuka abinci da sarrafa takin gargajiya; tasirin madadin tempeh ya dogara ne akan sinadaran sa da sarrafa shi.
Kwai suna tsaka-tsaki a kan hayaki amma a matsanancin ƙarshe don cholesterol na abinci. Tofu da aka mayar da shi scramble tare da turmeric da baƙar fata yana ba da faranti mai kama da haka tare da furotin fiye da haka kuma babu cholesterol.
Sauya kitse mai yawa kamar man shanu da mai mara yawa na iya rage sinadarin LDL cholesterol. Man zaitun ya ƙunshi kitse na monounsaturated; tasirinsa ga muhalli ya bambanta dangane da noma da sarrafawa.
Rago yana da babban tasiri ga yanayi kuma yana amfani da mafi yawan filaye a cikin abincin da aka ambata a bayanan. Wake yana ba da furotin da zare; waken busasshe yawanci abinci ne na yau da kullun mai rahusa.
Omega-3 na ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga microalgae kuma yana motsawa ta hanyar tsarin abinci na ruwa. Kariyar abinci (supplements) ta Algal na iya ba da DHA da wani lokacin EPA kai tsaye; abubuwan da ke ciki da tsaftarsu sun dogara ne akan samfurin.
Wasu wuraren kiwon jatan lande sun maye gurbin bishiyoyin mangrove, wanda hakan ke fitar da gurbataccen iskar carbon da aka adana. Tushen naman kaza na king oyster da aka gasa suna ba da dandano irin na abincin teku, amma ba su da sinadarai masu gina jiki daidai da na jatan lande.
Zuma da maple syrup su ne masu zaƙi da aka tattara. Zuma ƙudan zuma ne ke samar da ita a matsayin ajiyar abinci; wasu masu kiwon ƙudan zuma suna girbe ta kuma suna ba da ƙarin abincin sukari.
Samar da fata ya haɗa da kiwon dabbobi da tan, tare da tasirin da ya dogara da rarrabawa da sarrafawa. Madadin da aka yi daga shuka da naman kaza sun bambanta sosai a cikin rufi, ƙarfi, da abun ciki na filastik na burbushin halittu.
Samar da ulu ya haɗa da tumaki, hayaƙin methane, da amfani da ƙasa. Auduga, hemp, lyocell, da rufin roba suna ba da madadin, amma ɗumi, ƙarfi, da tasirin muhalli sun dogara ne akan tufafin da aka gama.
Burger na wake ko lentil na iya samun ƙaramin tasiri ga yanayi fiye da naman sa. Man da aka ƙara, masu ɗaurewa, girman girki, da dafawa suna shafar abincinsa da tasirinsa ga muhalli.
Wasu ƙananan gwaje-gwajen horon juriya sun gano irin wannan haɓakar tare da kari na pea da whey. Pea yawanci yana da ƙarancin leucine a kowane gram, kuma sakamakon ya dogara ne akan kashi, abinci da horo.
Gelatin an samo shi ne daga collagen na dabba, sau da yawa fata na alade ko fata na shanu. Agar ana ciro shi daga ciyawar ruwa ja kuma yana yin gel mai ƙarfi tare da mafi girman zafin narkewa; biyun suna aiki daban a cikin girke-girke.
Yogurt na waken soya na iya ƙunsar al'adun rayuwa da adadin furotin masu amfani. Furotin, kitse mai yawa, sukari da aka ƙara, da ƙarfafa calcium sun bambanta sosai tsakanin samfurori.
Ana yin Seitan daga gluten na alkama kuma yana ɗaukar miya da marinades cikin sauƙi. Ba ya dace da mutanen da ke da cutar coeliac ko rashin lafiyar alkama; adadin furotin da gishiri ya dogara ne da girke-girke.
Dark chocolate galibi tana ƙunshe da baƙin ƙarfe da ɓangaren cocoa fiye da milk chocolate. Sinadaran madara da matakan flavanol suna bambanta da tsari da sarrafawa, don haka duba lakabin.
Ground flaxseed yana ba da ALA, amma jiki yana canza ƙaramin adadi kawai zuwa EPA da DHA. Man algae tushen vegan ne kai tsaye na long-chain omega-3s; bukatun kari suna bambanta.
Madarar waken suya da aka ƙara wa sinadarai tana da amfanin gina jiki a matsayin madadin madara, tare da matakan furotin kusa da na madarar saniya. Duba ƙarin sinadaran calcium, bitamin D da B12; ba koyaushe ake ƙara iodine ba.
Mycoprotein furotin ne na fungal da ake nomawa ta hanyar fermentation. Tasirin sa a muhalli ya dogara ne da samarwa da sarrafawa, kuma wasu samfuran da aka gama sun ƙunshi farin kwai ko madara.
Young green jackfruit yana yage cikin nau'in naman da aka ja kuma yana ɗaukar miyar barbecue sosai. Yana da ƙarancin furotin, don haka a ba da shi tare da wake, lentil ko tofu don cin abinci mafi daidaito.
Naman sa, rago da kifi mai kiwo suna da mafi girman hayaƙin gas mai gurbata yanayi a kowace kilogram da a kowace gram 100 na furotin; cuku da sauran kayan kiwo masu kiwo suna bi. Legumes, hatsi, tofu da yawancin kayan lambu suna da ƙasa sosai.
An samo adadin daga binciken Poore & Nemecek na 2018 Science meta-analysis na gonaki ~38,700 a cikin ƙasashe 119, mafi cikakken bayanan rayuwa da ake samu, da kuma tushen da aka ambata a kowace shafin kwatanta.
Kaɗan sosai. Sufuri yawanci ƙaramin rabo ne na hayaƙin abinci, kuma shanu masu ciyawa yawanci suna fitar da ƙarin methane a kowace kilogram kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙasa fiye da shanu masu kiwo sosai. Abincin da kuka zaɓa ya fi mahimmanci fiye da yadda ya yi tafiya.
Yadda kwatancen ke aiki
Shafukan kwatance suna da amfani kuma ana iya yin amfani da su cikin sauki. Lambobin da ke nan sun bi hanyar aiki guda daya, kuma an bayyana zato a fili domin ka iya rashin yarda da su daidai maimakon a dunkule.
Lambobin muhalli sun dogara ne akan hadewar binciken Poore & Nemecek na shekarar 2018 a mujallar Science, wanda ya tattara kimantawar zagayowar rayuwa daga kusan gonaki 38,700 a kasashe 119 — har yanzu shine mafi girman bayanan irinsa. Ya kunshi hayaki, amfani da kasa, ruwa mai dadi da kuma eutrophication daga gona zuwa shago. Inda wani samfur ba ya cikin wannan bayanan, ana amfani da kididdigar zagayowar rayuwa ta kasa ko kuma binciken LCA na samfur da aka yi bita, kuma ana lakafta su haka.
Sawun ƙafafun abinci yana bambanta sosai tsakanin masu samarwa. Poore da Nemecek sun gano cewa ko da samfuran dabba masu ƙarancin tasiri yawanci sun wuce waɗanda ake maye gurbin kayan lambu, musamman don amfani da ƙasa da hayaki. Wannan tsari ne mai faɗi, ba ikirari ba ne cewa kowane mai samar da naman sa mai ƙarancin tasiri ya wuce kowane mai samar da protein na tsirrai akan duka matakan biyu.
Zabin naúrar aiki yana canza bayyanar kwatance fiye da kowane yanke shawara. A kowace kilogiram yana fifita abinci mai ruwa; a kowace kalori yana fifita mai; a kowace giram na furotin ita ce mafi adalci naúrar ga abincin da ake ci musamman a matsayin furotin. Inda wadannan shafuka suka kwatanta tushen furotin, furotin ne naúrar, kuma inda suka kwatanta abubuwan sha, girma ne. Duk wani tebur da ya canza naúrar a hankali tsakanin layuka ya kamata a kula da shi da shakku.
Ga kusan dukkan abinci, samarwa ne ya fi rinjaye kuma sufuri yana kusan kashi 6% na jimillar hayakin tsarin abinci. Banda shi ne kayan da ake jigilar su ta jirgin sama, wanda yanki ne kunkuntar. Naman sa da aka samar a gida ba shi da karancin tasiri fiye da legumes da aka shigo da su; tunanin cewa nisa shine babban abu shine kuskure mafi yawan gaske a cikin tunanin sawun abinci na yau da kullun.
Kwatancen muhalli sun dogara ne akan auna jiki; kwatancen lafiya sun dogara ne akan ilimin cututtuka da kuma karamin adadin gwaje-gwaje. Inda wadannan shafuka suka bayyana bambancin lafiya, suna bambanta tsakanin yiwuwar injiniya, hadewar lura da shaida ta bazuwar — kuma suna lura da inda girman tasirin ya yi kankanta da bai kamata ya tursasa yanke shawara da kansa ba.
Matsakaicin duniya, daga gona zuwa shago, a kowace kilogiram na samfur sai dai in an bayyana. Masu samarwa guda daya sun bambanta da girman oda.
| Abinci | kg CO₂e a kowace kg | Kasa m² a kowace kg | Ruwa mai dadi L a kowace kg |
|---|---|---|---|
| Naman sa (garken naman sa) | ~60 | ~164 | ~15,400 |
| Naman rago | ~24 | ~185 | ~10,400 |
| Cuku | ~21 | ~88 | ~5,600 |
| Jatan lande da aka noma | ~12 | ~2 | ~3,500 |
| Naman alade | ~7 | ~11 | ~6,000 |
| Naman kaza | ~6 | ~7 | ~4,300 |
| Kwai | ~4.5 | ~6 | ~3,300 |
| Tofu | ~3 | ~2 | ~2,000 |
| Madara (kiwo) | ~3 | ~9 | ~630 |
| Legumes | ~0.8 | ~3 | ~1,250 |
| Madarar waken soya | ~1 | ~0.7 | ~28 |
Poore & Nemecek (2018), Science · Water Footprint Network · Our World in Data
Tambayoyi biyar da ke fallasa mafi yawan jadawali masu yaudara cikin kasa da minti daya.
A kowace kilogiram, a kowace kalori ko a kowace giram na furotin — kuma shin daidai ne a duk layuka?
Kofar gona, shago ko faranti? Rashin hada sarrafawa da firiji yana fifita wasu samfura sosai.
Tallace-tallace akai-akai suna ambaton kashi goma mafi karancin tasiri na samar da dabbobi a kan matsakaicin na shuke-shuke.
LCAs da masu samarwa suka ba da kuɗi ba lallai ba ne kuskure, amma suna zabar iyakoki da rabon da suka fi dacewa da mai tallafawa.
Rarraba tsakanin nama, fata, kiwo da samfuran gefe na iya canza lambar take da ninki biyu.
A wasu ma'auni, kamar bambancin halittu na gida da carbon na kasa a kasa mara kyau, yana iya zama. A kan hayaki a kowace kilogiram gabaɗaya ya fi muni, saboda girma a hankali yana nufin ƙarin methane a kowace naúrar nama, kuma yana amfani da ƙarin kasa sosai.
Almonds suna da yawan ruwa a kowace goro, amma a kowace lita na madara almond har yanzu tana amfani da ruwa kasa da madarar kiwo sosai. Kwatancen da ke yawo a kan layi yawanci yana kwatanta almonds duka da gilashin madara.
Kusan kashi 77% na waken soya na duniya ana ciyar da dabbobi. Waken soya don cinikin mutane kai tsaye — tofu, tempeh, madarar waken soya — karamin rabo ne na samarwa kuma galibi ana noma shi a wajen yankunan kan iyaka.
A hanya, eh; daidai, a'a. Lambobin kasa sun bambanta da abinci, hadewar makamashi da tarihin kasa. Matsayin nau'ikan abinci yana da tsayayye a kusan kowane yanki da aka yi nazari.
Yana ɗaukar kusan lita takwas zuwa goma na madara don yin kilogiram daya na cuku mai tauri, don haka hayakin garken kiwo yana tattare a cikin karamin nauyin samfur.
Hadewar tushen ta 2018 ne tare da gyare-gyare na gaba; inda sabbin kididdigar kasa suka canza lamba sosai, shafin yana lura da shi.