Hankalin dabbobi: abin da kimiyya ta tabbatar, da abin da doka ta amince da shi yanzu
Hankali ya daina zama zato na falsafa kuma ya zama bincike na zahiri. Ga tushen shaidar, daga dabbobi masu shayarwa zuwa cephalopods, da yadda doka ta biyo baya.
A takaice
- Sanarwar Cambridge ta 2012 game da Hankali ta tabbatar da cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi suna da tushen jijiyoyin hankali.
- Kifi yana nuna nociception, koyan guje wa ciwo da kuma gudanar da maganin kashe zafi da kansu.
- Birtaniya ta amince da crustaceans masu decapod da cephalopods a matsayin masu hankali a 2022 bayan wani bita na tsarin fiye da nazari 300.
- Aladu suna cin jarabawar dawo da abu mai jagorancin madubi; kaji suna nuna tunani mai wucewa da kuma kamun kai.
Mahimman lambobi
Hujjar jijiyoyin jiki
Hankali ba ya buƙatar kwakwalwar ɗan adam. Tsuntsaye suna samun ilimin halitta mai kwatankwacin ta hanyar pallium, kuma an kiyaye da'irori masu kama da na subcortical don tasiri a duk ilahirin dabbobi masu kashin baya. Kammalawar Sanarwar Cambridge ita ce rashin neocortex ba ya hana kwayar halitta daga fuskantar yanayin tasiri.
Ciwo yana da ma'auni, ba zato ba
Kifi yana da nociceptors kuma yana nuna canje-canjen ɗabi'a na dindindin bayan abubuwan da ke haifar da zafi; magungunan kashe zafi na iya rage waɗannan martani. Koyo da kuma dalilan da ke motsa mutum suna ƙara tabbatar da cewa akwai zafi fiye da martani mai sauƙi, kodayake ba za a iya auna abin da mutum ko dabba ke ji kai tsaye ba.
- Kaji suna nuna son zuciya da hukunci mara kyau a ƙarƙashin damuwa, alamomin daidaito na mummunan tasiri.
- Aladu suna nuna kamanceceniya da tausayi game da damuwa kuma suna koyo daga kuskuren abokan haɗin gwiwa.
- Saniya suna da alamun bugun zuciya masu ma'auni na tsammanin da na takaici.
Daga shaida zuwa doka
Article 13 TFEU tana bukatar EU da ƙasashe mambobi su ba da cikakkiyar kulawa ga jin daɗin dabbobi a takamaiman wuraren manufofi, bisa ga ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana. UK Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 ya haɗa da cephalopods da decapods. New Zealand, Quebec da Colombia su ma sun amince da jin daɗin dabbobi a cikin doka.
Ramin da doka ta bari
Gane jin daɗin dabba a cikin doka da kansa ba ya haramta takamaiman ayyukan gona. Ƙa'idodin jin daɗin dabba da keɓancewa sun bambanta ta hanyar hukuma; kulle-kulle, ayyukan da ke haifar da zafi da yanka suna nan a ƙarƙashin tsarin da yawa. Shaidar kimiyya da kariya ta doka suna magance tambayoyi daban-daban.
Bayanan
Tsawon rayuwa na halitta da shekarun yanka na yau da kullun
- Kaza (broiler)0.12 shekaru · na ~8 shekaru
- Alade0.5 shekaru · na ~15 shekaru
- Saniya mai shayarwa5 shekaru · na ~20 shekaru
- Saniya mai nama1.5 shekaru · na ~20 shekaru
A kallo
Shaida don hankali ta rukuni
| Rukuni | Babban shaida | Amincewar doka |
|---|---|---|
| Dabbobi masu shayarwa | Da'irori masu tasiri na cortical da subcortical, tausayi, wasa | Gabaɗaya |
| Tsuntsaye | Ilimin halitta na Pallial, tunani mai wucewa, kamun kai | Gabaɗaya |
| Kifi | Nociception, neman maganin kashe zafi, halayen musanyawa | Sashe |
| Cefalopod | Koyo, sanin nociceptive, halaye na mutum ɗaya | Dokar bincike ta Burtaniya, EU |
| Dekapod | Kula da rauni, musanyar motsa rai, yanayin damuwa | Birtaniya 2022 |
| Kwari | Shaida mai girma na nociception da valence | Fitowa |
Ra'ayoyin gama gari
Da'awaDabbobi ba sa jin ciwo kamar yadda muke ji.
Abin da hujjoji suka nunaDabbobi da yawa suna nuna shaidar jijiya da ɗabi'a waɗanda suka dace da zafi. Yadda abubuwan da suke ji suke kwatantawa a tsakanin nau'ikan dabbobi ya rage da wuya a kafa; bayyanawa da tunani ma sun bambanta.
Da'awaKifi yana da ƙwaƙwalwar minti uku.
Abin da hujjoji suka nunaKifi yana riƙe ilimin sararin samaniya da zamantakewa na tsawon watanni, yana amfani da kayan aiki kuma yana gane mutane.
Da'awaDabbobin gona ba su da hankali.
Abin da hujjoji suka nunaAlade yana nuna koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa na ci gaba, kuma kaji suna nuna ƙwarewar lissafi da ma'ana. Ayyuka sun dogara ne akan aikin da ake yi kuma ba sa nuna matsayi ɗaya na hankali.
Tambayoyin da mutane ke yi
- An daidaita kimiyya game da hankalin dabbobi?
- Akwai goyon baya mai ƙarfi ga sanin kai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye, kuma akwai shaidu da yawa a wasu nau'ikan kashin baya. Shaidu da rashin tabbas sun bambanta a tsakanin nau'ikan, musamman a cikin dabbobin da ba su da kashin baya.
- Wane ƙasashe ne suka amince da hankali a bisa doka?
- EU (Yarjejeniyar Lisbon Art. 13), Burtaniya, New Zealand, Quebec, Colombia da sauran su, tare da tasiri daban-daban na aiki.
- Shin crustaceans suna jin zafi?
- Binciken tsari na LSE na 2021 ya kammala cewa akwai shaida mai ƙarfi na hankali a cikin decapods, yana haifar da amincewar doka ta Burtaniya.
- Shin hankali yana nufin dole ne mu daina cin dabbobi?
- Yana cire hujjar cewa dabbobi ba za a iya cutar da su ba. Abin da ya biyo baya shine hukunci na ɗabi'a — amma yanzu dole ne ya fara daga gaskiyar cutarwa.
- Shin kwari masu hankali ne?
- Shaida don nociception da yanayin valenced tana tarawa a cikin kudan zuma da kuda; filin yana ɗaukar shi a matsayin tambaya mai mahimmanci kuma mai rai.
Tushe
An samo alkaluma daga tushen da aka jera a karshen wannan jagorar.
- The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness (2012)
- LSE — Review of the Evidence of Sentience in Cephalopod Molluscs and Decapod Crustaceans
- Sneddon — Pain in aquatic animals
- UK Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022
- Marino & Colvin — Thinking Pigs
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Ci gaba da karatu
Juyar da hujjoji zuwa abinci na mako guda
Shirin farawa na kwanaki 7 yana fassara duk abin da ke sama zuwa jerin siyayya da girke-girke masu sauƙi.