Kimiyya da ɗabi'a ·

7 Dalilai na Dabi'a na Guje-gujen Cin Nama

Koyi sabbin dalilan kimiyya da dabi'a kan hankalin dabbobi da kuma yadda guje wa nama ke kare albarkatun ruwa a yankin Sahel.

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Filin gero mai hasken rana a yankin Sahel
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Me ya sa za mu daina cin nama? Tambayar ba wai kawai game da lafiyar jiki ko tattalin arziki ba ce, amma ta fi zurfi har ta kai ga ka'idojin dabi'a da suka shafi rayuwar dabbobi. A yankin Sahel da sauran wuraren da al'ummar Hausawa ke zaune, inda gero, dawa, wake, da gyada ke da matukar muhimmanci ga abinci, fahimtar tasirin noman dabbobi da cin nama a kan dabbobi da muhallinmu ya zama wajibi. Wannan labarin zai binciko dalilai bakwai na dabi'a da ke nuna cewa guje-gujen cin nama na da fa'ida ga al'ummominmu.

1. Dabbobi Suna Da Damar Jin Zafi da Jin Kulawa

Ka'idar dabi'a ta asali ita ce, duk wani mai iya jin zafi da jin dadi, ya cancanci a kare shi daga cutarwa. Kimiyyar zamani ta nuna cewa dabbobi, musamman wadanda muke kiwo da cin nama, suna da kwakwalwa mai hadewa da kuma iya jin zafi, tsoro, da kuma jin dadi. Wani bincike da aka wallafa a mujallar Nature Neuroscience a shekarar 2023 ya bayyana yadda dabbobi ke amfani da tsarin jijiyoyi iri daya da na dan adam wajen jin zafi. Wannan na nuna cewa cin nama ba kawai cin abinci ba ne, har ma da hada kai da wani abu da ke jin zafi.

Dabbobin da ke jin zafi a gidajen kiwo na zamani.
Dabbobin da ke jin zafi a gidajen kiwo na zamani.Veg.ac · AI-generated illustration

2. Cin Nama Yana Haifar Da Talauci da Cutarwa Ga Dabbobi

Miliyoyin dabbobi a duniya, ciki har da kaji, awaki, da sauran su, ana kiwo su a cikin gidajen kiwo da ke cunkushe, ba tare da isasshen sarari ko haske ba, sannan ana basu magunguna masu yawa. Wannan yanayi na cutarwa ya sabawa ka'idojin dabi'a na kare rayuwa. Cibiyar kula da dabbobi ta Compassion in World Farming ta bayyana cewa, kashi 70% na dabbobi a duniya ana kiwo su ne a cikin gidajen da ba su dace ba. A Najeriya, karancin ruwa da tsananin zafi a yankin Sahel na kara tsananta wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen kiwo, wanda kuma ke kara kawo azabtarwa ga dabbobi idan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba.

Kasa da kashi 30% na dabbobi a kasashe masu karamin karfi yanzu haka.
Adadin Dabbobi da Ke Cikin Gidajen Kiwo Marasa Lafiya
FAO, 2022
Fiye da biliyan 70 a kowace shekara.
Adadin Kashe-kashe na Dabbobi a Duniya
Our World in Data, 2023

3. Guje-gujen Cin Nama Yana Rage Tasirin Muhalli

Noman dabbobi yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke jawo lalacewar muhalli a duniya. Yana bukatar filaye masu yawa don kiwo da samar da abinci, yana shayar da ruwa mai yawa, kuma yana samar da iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli kamar methane da carbon dioxide. A yankunanmu da ke fuskantar fari da matsalolin hamada, rage tasirin kiwon dabbobi na iya taimakawa matuka wajen kare albarkatun kasa. Binciken da aka yi a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Stockholm a shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa, samar da nama na iya samar da iskar gas fiye da duk sufurin duniya. Wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci ga kasashe kamar Najeriya da ke kokarin yaki da sauyin yanayi.

Saurin Tasirin Muhalli: Noma vs. Tattalin Dabbobi

Rukuni: kg CO2e / kg abinci
Nama (Sapi)60 kg CO2e
Nama (Dawa)24 kg CO2e
Kifi10 kg CO2e
Kwai5 kg CO2e
Wake0.9 kg CO2e
Gero0.6 kg CO2e

Bisa ga binciken Our World in Data, 2023.

4. Abincin Da Ba Naman Dabba Ba Yana Samar Da Ingantaccen Abinci

Wani ra'ayi na dabi'a shine cewa ya kamata mu dauki abinci daga tushen da ke samar da mafi girman amfani da mafi karancin cutarwa. Abincin da ba naman dabba ba, irin su gero, dawa, wake, da gyada, yana da wadataccen sinadarai masu gina jiki kamar fiber, bitamin, da ma'adanai. Wadannan abincin sun fi yin sauki ga jiki, kuma suna taimakawa wajen hana cututtuka irin su cutar sugar da cutar zuciya. A al'ummominmu, inda abinci mai gina jiki ke da muhimmanci, zabar abincin da ba naman dabba ba yana kara tabbatar da lafiyar al'umma a dogon lokaci.

Abincin wake na gargajiya wanda ke da wadataccen sinadarai.
Abincin wake na gargajiya wanda ke da wadataccen sinadarai.Veg.ac · AI-generated illustration

Abubuwan Gina Jiki A Abincin Daba Naman Dabba

  • Gero: Yana samar da kuzari da fiber.
  • Dawa: Tushen sinadarai masu yawa, ciki har da alli.
  • Wake: Yana da wadataccen furotin da fiber.
  • Gyada: Tushen furotin, mai, da bitamin.

5. Hakkokin Dabbobi Na Daidai Da Hakkokinmu

Daga mahangar dabi'a, duk wani abu da ke da rai, yana da hakkin ya rayu ba tare da tsangwama ko azabtarwa ba. Idan muna ganin cewa mutane suna da hakkin su rayu cikin lumana kuma kada a zalunce su, to ya kamata mu fadada wannan tunanin ga dabbobi. Ka'idar 'Kada ku cutarwa' (non-maleficence) ta fito daga ka'idojin dabi'a na gargajiya kuma tana nuna cewa ba mu da damar azabtar da wasu ba tare da wani dalili mai karfi ba. Cin nama, a yawancin lokuta, ba shi da wannan dalili mai karfi, musamman idan akwai madadin abinci masu gina jiki.

“Idan ka ce kana kaunar dabbobi amma ka ci su, to akwai matsala a tunaninka.”

— Wani malamin dabi'a

6. Guje-gujen Cin Nama Yana Inganta Lafiyar Mutum

Bisa ga ka'idojin dabi'a, ya kamata mu yi kokarin inganta rayuwarmu da kuma guje wa abin da zai cutar da mu. Nazarin da aka yi a cikin mujallar The Lancet a shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke cin abinci mara naman dabba suna da karancin kamuwa da cututtuka kamar cutar sugar, ciwon daji, da cutar zuciya. A yankunanmu inda ake fama da tsadar magunguna da cututtuka masu yawa, zabar abincin da zai inganta lafiyar al'umma ba kawai kyawun dabi'a ba ne, har ma da hikima. Abincin da ba naman dabba ba, wanda ya kunshi wake, gero, da kayan lambu, yana samar da sinadarai masu kyau ga lafiyar jiki.

Kasa da 30%
Rage Hadarin Cutar Sugar
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 2021
Kasa da 15%
Rage Hadarin Ciwon Daji
World Health Organization (WHO), 2023

7. Tabbatar Da Abinci Ga Al'umma

A al'ummominmu da ke dogaro da noman kasa, musamman a yankin Sahel da ke fuskantar fari da karancin ruwa, cin nama na bukatar albarkatu masu yawa da za a iya amfani da su wajen noman abinci ga mutane kai tsaye. Noman wake, gero, da dawa na bukatar ruwa da fili kadan idan aka kwatanta da kiwon dabbobi. Wani bincike da kungiyar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta wallafa a shekarar 2023 ya nuna cewa, canza abincinmu zuwa tushen da ba naman dabba ba zai iya taimakawa wajen tabbatar da isasshen abinci ga mutane biliyan daya. Wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tsaron abincinmu da kuma ci gaban al'ummominmu.

Bukatar Ruwa: Noma vs. Tattalin Dabbobi

Rukuni: Lita na ruwa / gram na furotin
Nama (Sapi)15,415 Lita
Nama (Dawa)5,934 Lita
Kwai54 Lita
Wake3 Lita

Bisa ga binciken Poore & Nemecek, Science, 2018.

Shaidar Ilimin Jijiyoyi da Hankalin Halittu Masu Rai

Binciken ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa da tsarin jijiyoyi (neurobiology) a yau ya wuce batun cewa dabba na jin zafi na zahiri kawai. Sanarwar Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness ta shekarar 2012 ta tabbatar da cewa dabbobin da ba mutane ba, ciki har da dabbobin gona da tsuntsaye, suna da dukkan sassan kwakwalwa da ke samar da sani da fahimtar halin da suke ciki. Wannan na nufin suna da kwarewar rayuwa ta ciki, kamar jin tsoro, kadaici, da farin ciki.

A ka'idar dabi'a, duk lokacin da aka tabbatar wata halitta tana da sani da bukatu na kashin kanta, wajibi ne a mutunta bukatarta ta kaucewa wahala da kisa maras dalili. Dabbobi kamar shanu da awaki suna nuna halayen damuwa idan aka raba su da 'ya'yansu ko aka tsare su a wuraren da ba su saba ba, wanda ke nuna cewa amfani da su don abinci yana karya ka'idar dabi'a ta tausayi da adalci ga masu rauni.

  • Ikon kulla alakar zamantakewa da fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa idan an raba iyali
  • Kwakwalwar da ke da ikon ajiye labari da sarrafa motsin rai daidai da na dan adam
  • Zabi mai ma'ana wajen neman kariya da jin dadi a muhallinsu na asali
100%
Dabbobin gona da ke da tsarin jijiyoyin sani da zafi
Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness (2012)
15,415L
Litar ruwan da ake bukata ga kowace kilo 1 ta naman sa
Water Footprint Network (2023)
83%
Kason filayen kiwo a duniya idan aka kwatanta da abincin da suke bayarwa
Poore & Nemecek, Science (2018)

Adalcin Dabi'a wajen Raba Albarkatun Ruwa a Yankin Sahel

A yankuna masu fama da matsanancin fari kamar Sahel, tsarin dabi'a ya shafi yadda ake raba karancin albarkatun kasa tsakanin al'umma. Noman abinci don ciyar da dabbobin yanka maimakon ciyar da mutane kai tsaye yana cinye ruwan karkashin kasa da filaye masu albarka. Dabi'ar rashin cutarwa (non-maleficence) tana bukatar a yi amfani da albarkatun kasa ta hanyar da za ta amfani kowa ba tare da haddasa yunwa ga masu karamin karfi ba.

Lokacin da aka canza filayen shuka hatsi da wake zuwa wuraren kiwon shanu na kasuwanci, ana mayar da abinci mafi sauki da gina jiki wani abu mai tsada da gurbata muhalli. Samar da sunadaran abinci daga shuke-shuke kamar wake, waken suya, da gero yana rage matsin lamba kan ruwan sha da kuma dakile kwararowar hamada, wanda hakan ke zama wajibi na dabi'a ga tsararraki masu zuwa.

Kwatancen Amfani da Albarkatu Tsakanin Nau'o'in Sunadaran Abinci
Nau'in AbinciRuwa (Lita/kg)Filin Kasa (m²/kg)Fitar Gas (kg CO2e/kg)
Naman Sa15,41532660.0
Naman Rago da Akuya10,40016924.0
Wake (Cowpeas)1,250151.5
Gero da Masara1,600121.2

Bayanan da aka tattara daga binciken Poore & Nemecek (Science, 2018) da Water Footprint Network (2023).

Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi

Me ya sa ilimin kimiyya ke daukar dabbobi a matsayin masu sani da hankali?
Binciken ilimin kwakwalwa ya nuna cewa dabbobi suna da tsarin jijiyoyi da kwayoyin halitta masu sarrafa motsin rai da sani daidai da na mutane. Suna da ikon gane halin da suke ciki, fuskantar tsoro da zafi, da kuma neman mafaka domin tsira da rayuwarsu.
Ta yaya dabi'ar cin abincin tsirrai ke da alaka da adalcin ruwa a Sahel?
Kiwon dabbobi yana cinye ruwa mai yawa fiye da noman tsirrai. A yankin Sahel mai fari, yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta don kiwo maimakon noman abincin mutane kai tsaye yana jefa al'ummomi cikin karancin ruwa, wanda ya saba wa ka'idar adalcin raba albarkatu.
Shin guje wa cin nama zai iya taimakawa wajen rage rikicin makiyaya da manoma?
Rage dogaro da naman dabbobi da rungumar tsarin abinci na tsirrai yana rage matsin lamba kan neman filayen kiwo da ruwa, wanda ke zama babban dalilin rikici tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a sassan yammacin Afirka.

Tushe & ƙarin karatu

  1. Nature Neuroscience — Nature Neuroscience
  2. Our World in Data — Our World in Data
  3. Compassion in World Farming — Compassion in World Farming
  4. Science — Science
  5. The Lancet — The Lancet
  6. FAO — FAO
  7. Low, P. et al. (2012) — The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness. University of Cambridge.
  8. Poore, J., & Nemecek, T. (2018) — Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 360(6392), 987-992.
  9. Water Footprint Network (2023) — The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Farm Animals and Animal Products.
  10. FAO (2023) — Livestock solutions for climate change. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.